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Contents
Part I An introduction to OCaml
Chapter 1 The core language
1.1 Basics
1.2 Data types
1.3 Functions as values
1.4 Records and variants
1.5 Imperative features
1.6 Exceptions
1.7 Symbolic processing of expressions
1.8 Pretty-printing
1.9 Standalone OCaml programs
Chapter 2 The module system
2.1 Structures
2.2 Signatures
2.3 Functors
2.4 Functors and type abstraction
2.5 Modules and separate compilation
Chapter 3 Objects in OCaml
3.1 Classes and objects
3.2 Immediate objects
3.3 Reference to self
3.4 Initializers
3.5 Virtual methods
3.6 Private methods
3.7 Class interfaces
3.8 Inheritance
3.9 Multiple inheritance
3.10 Parameterized classes
3.11 Polymorphic methods
3.12 Using coercions
3.13 Functional objects
3.14 Cloning objects
3.15 Recursive classes
3.16 Binary methods
3.17 Friends
Chapter 4 Labels and variants
4.1 Labels
4.1.1 Optional arguments
4.1.2 Labels and type inference
4.1.3 Suggestions for labeling
4.2 Polymorphic variants
4.2.1 Weaknesses of polymorphic variants
Chapter 5 Advanced examples with classes and modules
5.1 Extended example: bank accounts
5.2 Simple modules as classes
5.2.1 Strings
5.2.2 Hashtbl
5.2.3 Sets
5.3 The subject/observer pattern
Part II The OCaml language
Chapter 6 The OCaml language
6.1 Lexical conventions
6.2 Values
6.2.1 Base values
6.2.2 Tuples
6.2.3 Records
6.2.4 Arrays
6.2.5 Variant values
6.2.6 Polymorphic variants
6.2.7 Functions
6.2.8 Objects
6.3 Names
6.4 Type expressions
6.5 Constants
6.6 Patterns
6.7 Expressions
6.7.1 Basic expressions
6.7.2 Control structures
6.7.3 Operations on data structures
6.7.4 Operators
6.7.5 Objects
6.7.6 Coercions
6.7.7 Other
6.8 Type and exception definitions
6.8.1 Type definitions
6.8.2 Exception definitions
6.9 Classes
6.9.1 Class types
6.9.2 Class expressions
6.9.3 Class definitions
6.9.4 Class specifications
6.9.5 Class type definitions
6.10 Module types (module specifications)
6.10.1 Simple module types
6.10.2 Signatures
6.10.3 Functor types
6.10.4 The
with
operator
6.11 Module expressions (module implementations)
6.11.1 Simple module expressions
6.11.2 Structures
6.11.3 Functors
6.12 Compilation units
Chapter 7 Language extensions
7.1 Integer literals for types
int32
,
int64
and
nativeint
7.2 Recursive definitions of values
7.3 Lazy patterns
7.4 Recursive modules
7.5 Private types
7.5.1 Private variant and record types
7.5.2 Private type abbreviations
7.5.3 Private row types
7.6 Local opens
7.7 Record and object notations
7.8 Explicit polymorphic type annotations
7.9 Locally abstract types
7.10 First-class modules
7.11 Recovering the type of a module
7.12 Substituting inside a signature
7.13 Type-level module aliases
7.14 Explicit overriding in class definitions
7.15 Overriding in open statements
7.16 Generalized algebraic datatypes
7.17 Syntax for Bigarray access
7.18 Attributes
7.18.1 Built-in attributes
7.19 Extension nodes
7.19.1 Built-in extension nodes
7.20 Quoted strings
7.21 Exception cases in pattern matching
7.22 Extensible variant types
7.23 Generative functors
7.24 Extension-only syntax
7.24.1 Extension operators
7.24.2 Extension literals
7.25 Inline records
7.26 Local exceptions
7.27 Documentation comments
7.27.1 Floating comments
7.27.2 Item comments
7.27.3 Label comments
Part III The OCaml tools
Chapter 8 Batch compilation (ocamlc)
8.1 Overview of the compiler
8.2 Options
8.3 Modules and the file system
8.4 Common errors
8.5 Warning reference
8.5.1 Warning 52: fragile constant pattern
8.5.2 Warning 57: Ambiguous or-pattern variables under guard
Chapter 9 The toplevel system (ocaml)
9.1 Options
9.2 Toplevel directives
9.3 The toplevel and the module system
9.4 Common errors
9.5 Building custom toplevel systems:
ocamlmktop
9.6 Options
Chapter 10 The runtime system (ocamlrun)
10.1 Overview
10.2 Options
10.3 Dynamic loading of shared libraries
10.4 Common errors
Chapter 11 Native-code compilation (ocamlopt)
11.1 Overview of the compiler
11.2 Options
11.3 Common errors
11.4 Running executables produced by ocamlopt
11.5 Compatibility with the bytecode compiler
Chapter 12 Lexer and parser generators (ocamllex, ocamlyacc)
12.1 Overview of
ocamllex
12.1.1 Options
12.2 Syntax of lexer definitions
12.2.1 Header and trailer
12.2.2 Naming regular expressions
12.2.3 Entry points
12.2.4 Regular expressions
12.2.5 Actions
12.2.6 Variables in regular expressions
12.2.7 Refill handlers
12.2.8 Reserved identifiers
12.3 Overview of
ocamlyacc
12.4 Syntax of grammar definitions
12.4.1 Header and trailer
12.4.2 Declarations
12.4.3 Rules
12.4.4 Error handling
12.5 Options
12.6 A complete example
12.7 Common errors
Chapter 13 Dependency generator (ocamldep)
13.1 Options
13.2 A typical Makefile
Chapter 14 The browser/editor (ocamlbrowser)
Chapter 15 The documentation generator (ocamldoc)
15.1 Usage
15.1.1 Invocation
15.1.2 Merging of module information
15.1.3 Coding rules
15.2 Syntax of documentation comments
15.2.1 Placement of documentation comments
15.2.2 The Stop special comment
15.2.3 Syntax of documentation comments
15.2.4 Text formatting
15.2.5 Documentation tags (@-tags)
15.3 Custom generators
15.3.1 The generator modules
15.3.2 Handling custom tags
15.4 Adding command line options
15.4.1 Compilation and usage
Chapter 16 The debugger (ocamldebug)
16.1 Compiling for debugging
16.2 Invocation
16.2.1 Starting the debugger
16.2.2 Initialization file
16.2.3 Exiting the debugger
16.3 Commands
16.3.1 Getting help
16.3.2 Accessing the debugger state
16.4 Executing a program
16.4.1 Events
16.4.2 Starting the debugged program
16.4.3 Running the program
16.4.4 Time travel
16.4.5 Killing the program
16.5 Breakpoints
16.6 The call stack
16.7 Examining variable values
16.8 Controlling the debugger
16.8.1 Setting the program name and arguments
16.8.2 How programs are loaded
16.8.3 Search path for files
16.8.4 Working directory
16.8.5 Turning reverse execution on and off
16.8.6 Communication between the debugger and the program
16.8.7 Fine-tuning the debugger
16.8.8 User-defined printers
16.9 Miscellaneous commands
16.10 Running the debugger under Emacs
Chapter 17 Profiling (ocamlprof)
17.1 Compiling for profiling
17.2 Profiling an execution
17.3 Printing profiling information
17.4 Time profiling
Chapter 18 The ocamlbuild compilation manager
Chapter 19 Interfacing C with OCaml
19.1 Overview and compilation information
19.1.1 Declaring primitives
19.1.2 Implementing primitives
19.1.3 Statically linking C code with OCaml code
19.1.4 Dynamically linking C code with OCaml code
19.1.5 Choosing between static linking and dynamic linking
19.1.6 Building standalone custom runtime systems
19.2 The
value
type
19.2.1 Integer values
19.2.2 Blocks
19.2.3 Pointers outside the heap
19.3 Representation of OCaml data types
19.3.1 Atomic types
19.3.2 Tuples and records
19.3.3 Arrays
19.3.4 Concrete data types
19.3.5 Objects
19.3.6 Polymorphic variants
19.4 Operations on values
19.4.1 Kind tests
19.4.2 Operations on integers
19.4.3 Accessing blocks
19.4.4 Allocating blocks
19.4.5 Raising exceptions
19.5 Living in harmony with the garbage collector
19.5.1 Simple interface
19.5.2 Low-level interface
19.6 A complete example
19.7 Advanced topic: callbacks from C to OCaml
19.7.1 Applying OCaml closures from C
19.7.2 Obtaining or registering OCaml closures for use in C functions
19.7.3 Registering OCaml exceptions for use in C functions
19.7.4 Main program in C
19.7.5 Embedding the OCaml code in the C code
19.8 Advanced example with callbacks
19.9 Advanced topic: custom blocks
19.9.1 The
struct custom_operations
19.9.2 Allocating custom blocks
19.9.3 Accessing custom blocks
19.9.4 Writing custom serialization and deserialization functions
19.9.5 Choosing identifiers
19.9.6 Finalized blocks
19.10 Advanced topic: cheaper C call
19.10.1 Passing unboxed values
19.10.2 Direct C call
19.10.3 Example: calling C library functions without indirection
19.11 Advanced topic: multithreading
19.11.1 Registering threads created from C
19.11.2 Parallel execution of long-running C code
19.12 Building mixed C/OCaml libraries:
ocamlmklib
Chapter 20 Optimisation with Flambda
20.1 Overview
20.2 Command-line flags
20.2.1 Specification of optimisation parameters by round
20.3 Inlining
20.3.1 Classic inlining heuristic
20.3.2 Overview of “Flambda” inlining heuristics
20.3.3 Handling of specific language constructs
20.3.4 Inlining reports
20.3.5 Assessment of inlining benefit
20.3.6 Control of speculation
20.4 Specialisation
20.4.1 Assessment of specialisation benefit
20.5 Default settings of parameters
20.5.1 Settings at -O2 optimisation level
20.5.2 Settings at -O3 optimisation level
20.6 Manual control of inlining and specialisation
20.7 Simplification
20.8 Other code motion transformations
20.8.1 Lifting of constants
20.8.2 Lifting of toplevel let bindings
20.9 Unboxing transformations
20.9.1 Unboxing of closure variables
20.9.2 Unboxing of specialised arguments
20.9.3 Unboxing of closures
20.10 Removal of unused code and values
20.10.1 Removal of redundant let expressions
20.10.2 Removal of redundant program constructs
20.10.3 Removal of unused arguments
20.10.4 Removal of unused closure variables
20.11 Other code transformations
20.11.1 Transformation of non-escaping references into mutable variables
20.11.2 Substitution of closure variables for specialised arguments
20.12 Treatment of effects
20.13 Compilation of statically-allocated modules
20.14 Inhibition of optimisation
20.15 Use of unsafe operations
20.16 Glossary
Chapter 21 Memory profiling with Spacetime
21.1 Overview
21.2 How to use it
21.2.1 Building
21.2.2 Running
21.2.3 Analysis
21.3 Runtime overhead
21.4 For developers
Chapter 22 Fuzzing with afl-fuzz
22.1 Overview
22.2 Generating instrumentation
22.2.1 Advanced options
22.3 Example
Part IV The OCaml library
Chapter 23 The core library
23.1 Built-in types and predefined exceptions
23.2 Module
Pervasives
: the initially opened module
Chapter 24 The standard library
Chapter 25 The compiler front-end
Chapter 26 The unix library: Unix system calls
Chapter 27 The num library: arbitrary-precision rational arithmetic
Chapter 28 The str library: regular expressions and string processing
Chapter 29 The threads library
Chapter 30 The graphics library
Chapter 31 The dynlink library: dynamic loading and linking of object files
Chapter 32 The bigarray library
32.1 Module
Bigarray
: large, multi-dimensional, numerical arrays
32.2 Big arrays in the OCaml-C interface
32.2.1 Include file
32.2.2 Accessing an OCaml bigarray from C or Fortran
32.2.3 Wrapping a C or Fortran array as an OCaml big array
Part V Appendix
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